What is a wedge angle?

In cutting tool geometry, the wedge angle refers to the angle between the face and the flank of a cutting tool. Depending on the plane in which this angle is measured, it can be called a normal wedge angle or a back wedge angle.

What are tool angles and working angles, and what is the difference between them?

Tool angles and working angles refer to the angles that define the position of the cutting edge, face, and flank of a cutting tool. These angles include the cutting-edge angle, rake angle, clearance angle, and so on. The difference between tool angles and working angles can be understood as follows: Tool angles determine the position of these cutting tool elements when considering the tool as a separate object. Therefore, tool angles are measured in the tool-in-hand reference system of planes. On the other hand, working angles determine the position of these elements during the cutting action of the tool, and they are measured in the tool-in-use reference system.

What is a "no mismatch" 90°-indexable milling tool?

In machining square shoulders, the height of the shoulder can exceed the maximum depth of cut that is determined by the cutting length of an indexable insert mounted on a given tool. In such cases, multiple passes are required for shoulder milling. "No mismatch" refers to the ability of a precise indexable milling tool to ensure a true 90° shoulder profile without a noticeable border, step, or burr between the passes. This feature is essential for accurate square shoulder milling.

What is string milling?

String milling is the milling method where a mill sequentially machines several workpieces that are arranged closely in the feed direction, resembling a string.

What is a sprocket cutter?

A sprocket cutter is a type of form milling cutter specifically designed for machining sprockets of roller chain wheels. It may also be referred to as a sprocket-wheel cutter or chain sprocket cutter.

What is a step milling cutter?

A step milling cutter is a type of mill with teeth that are equally displaced relative to each other in either the axial or radial direction. If the teeth are used by use of indexable inserts, the cutter is referred to as an indexable step milling cutter.

What is the difference between carbon steel and non-alloy steel?

The definitions "carbon steel", "non-alloy steel", and "unalloyed steel" relate to the classification of steel based on its chemical content. Generally, these definitions are considered synonymous. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that can also contain various alloying elements to enhance its properties. Steel is produced by smelting iron ore. During the smelting process, alloying elements can be added to steel, resulting in different grades of alloyed steel depending on the percentage of the added element. In the case of carbon (non-alloy, unalloyed) steel, no alloying element is added during smelting, making it a simple alloy of iron and carbon only. However, since iron ore is not completely pure, small quantities or traces of various elements are present in this alloy. National and international standards define the maximum allowable percentage of these elements to classify a steel grade as carbon steel.

What is the difference between brass and bronze?

Both brass and bronze are copper alloys, but brass is a group of copper-zinc alloys, while bronze is a group of copper-tin alloys.

Cap

– a replaceable cutting head that is mounted on the end of a tool. In modular indexable extended flute cutters, this specific component is also known by various terms, such as the end unit, front end, front piece, end subunit, and more.

Island

– a small area on the surface of a workpiece that is left non-machined.

Sculpturing

– usually refers to the process of CNC milling 3D surfaces, which is sometimes also referred to as "sculpture milling". In a broader sense, sculpturing in metal cutting can also involve methods such as engraving, chiseling, and other techniques used to shape a surface. Additionally, it can relate to machining parts with deep recesses, which is commonly known as "sculpture machining".

Tool projection

– tool overhang.

Truing

– generally, this is the process of verifying the correct position of a workpiece or cutting tool and rectifying any detected position inaccuracies to achieve the required machining precision. However, in the context of abrasive machining, truing a grinding wheel often used as a synonym of the wheel dressing - the operation of restoring the wheel to its original shape and accuracy.

Torus

– a toroidal milling tool.